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Standard flashing detail wall penetration water leakage through masonry fa?? Masonry walls, which are largely composed of brick, concrete masonry units CMUcast stone, and other related units, typically absorb moisture and rain.

The masonry industry understands that water penetration through the outer wythe of veneers will occur. This penetration has to be managed by flashings, which divert the water back to the exterior. Water can enter the wall system at numerous locations, including individual masonry units, mortar joints, the interface between the mortar and the masonry units, at the tops of walls, at cracks, and at penetration details such as windows, doors, and pipes.

The purpose of this article is to discuss the design and installation of masonry wall flashings at several typical locations throughout a building. Wall flashings are typically required at locations where the downward flow of water inside the wall would be obstructed or interrupted.

Flashings are also used under masonry copings, sills, and other horizontal surfaces. In order to understand how masonry wall flashings work, Hairy teen junior young is important to first understand the different types of masonry walls.

Load-bearing walls Older masonry buildings were constructed with thicker, solid, load-bearing walls. Water infiltration in load-bearing walls was resisted by the mass of the multiple-wythe wall and a few well-placed flashings. Load-bearing walls performed well as long as it stopped raining before water was absorbed all the way through the mass of the wall. Flashings in these walls typically occurred at junctures of roofs and walls and at parapet locations.

Often, the flashings extended completely through the wall. These flashing materials were typically made of soft metals such as copper or lead. Standard flashing detail wall penetration, masonry ledges or projecting elements often referred to as water tables deflected water off the fa?? These walls accommodate inevitable water penetration through the masonry veneer with a drainage cavity. This cavity allows water to flow down the backside of the veneer.

The water is then expelled from the cavity back out of the building by the flashings. For this type of wall to function properly, the drainage cavities have to be kept clear of mortar droppings and other Standard flashing detail wall penetration. Since water that penetrates the masonry veneer can flow unobstructed down inside the wall, the proper installation of the flashings is more critical than in a thicker masonry wall system.

Single-wythe walls Single-wythe masonry walls one vertical row of masonry one unit in thickness are predominantly constructed with CMU but can be constructed with brick. These walls do not include a drainage cavity. The cores of single-wythe CMU walls can be filled with reinforcing steel and grout. As such, they can also function as load-bearing walls. Water must be resisted at the outside face of these walls. Sometimes, water repellents and masonry sealers are used.

Flashings are provided at the same locations as in veneer construction. However, single-wythe walls do not have a drainage cavity other than the inside voids in the CMU or brick.

Therefore, water has many locations where it can be absorbed or can bridge across the width of the masonry veneer to the building interior. Flashing components In order to understand how to properly flash a masonry wall, a review of terms both commonplace and specific to vertical walls should be given consideration.

Drips Drips are important because they divert water away from the surface of the wall see Figure 1. These become more critical with flat wall surfaces. Older buildings used masonry components such as ledges and water tables to divert water that flowed down the surface of the building away from the exterior walls. Many times, drips are opposed by the designer for aesthetic reasons.

Figure 1. Weeps The most common types of weeps are plastic tubes and prefabricated plastic or mesh materials that are placed in head joints vertical mortar joints. Effective weeps can also be provided by leaving head joints open. However, weeps also create openings where wind-driven rain can enter the wall and thus expose the flashing to more water.

The wall flashings have to be installed Standard flashing detail wall penetration to prevent potential water intrusion from creating a problem. If the wall surface will be exposed to wind-driven rain, such as at upper stories of buildings or at coastal locations, the weeps should be turned downward or otherwise baffled to prevent water from entering. Plastic weep tubes with downward curvatures can be used. Prefabricated mesh materials placed in mortar head joints in lieu of mortar look nice on paper but have limitations in the field.

During construction, masons often accommodate small dimensional tolerances in the length of a wall by varying Standard flashing detail wall penetration size of head joints. Therefore, some weep systems that are prefabricated to a specific size cannot accommodate these changes in the size of Standard flashing detail wall penetration joints.

End dams These are upturns that are constructed at the terminations of the flashing. End dams should be constructed wherever flashings terminate within a wall to prevent water from simply flowing off the side of the flashing within the masonry wall rather than being directed to weeps where it can flow out of the wall.

End dams are constructed by cutting and folding the flashing material. Joints are soldered or sealed see Figure 2. Figure 2. Joints and laps Locations where adjacent sections of flashing are joined are critical. Often, water can flow through the flashing at openings at lap joints. Laps in sheet metal should be either soldered or properly sealed, depending on the material being used.

Expansion joints in long sections of flashing are particularly susceptible to water infiltration and should be avoided whenever possible. They are usually only required at expansion or control joints in the wall and in some sheet metal flashing assemblies. If a large section of masonry is constructed on top of the flashing, the weight of the wall sitting directly on top of the flashing will resist differential movement between the metal and masonry.

The usual distance between expansion joints can therefore be lengthened. Materials As with roofing systems, there Standard flashing detail wall penetration numerous materials that can be used to flash different components of a wall.

Each has advantages and limitations, such as — but not limited to — durability, workability ability to be formed and or soldered in the fieldand cost. Sheet metal For centuries, sheet metal has been widely used to flash masonry walls. Lead sheets similar to roof drain flashings were formed in various shapes within the walls. Copper was also common. The author prefers metals such as copper 16 and 20 oz. These metals have unique abilities in that they can be formed and soldered in the field and will not corrode excessively under normal circumstances.

These metals can be field-formed into various shapes such as inside and out-side corners, step flashings, or at unusual penetrations. Sheet metal is typically more durable than membranes and can withstand masonry being constructed directly on top of it.

Environmental and potential worker safety concerns have recently limited the use of lead and lead-coated copper. Combinations of zinc and tin are being used to coat copper and other metals replacing lead. However, many of these formulated products have not Standard flashing detail wall penetration stood the test of time, and sheet metal workers may not be familiar with how such products have to be prepared or how they behave during soldering.

Galvanized steel can be a cost-effective alternative to copper and stainless steel. However, corrosion staining will occur at locations where the galvanized coating has been cut, such as at the ends of the metal, and where the material is breached, such as by fastener penetrations. There are also different types of Standard flashing detail wall penetration with different longevity rates.

However, under certain conditions, painted aluminum can be used. The paint will protect the metal until the mortar cures. Aluminum can still not be soldered in the field, so connections are made with rivets or screws and sealed with elastomeric sealant. Therefore, avoid aluminum in masonry construction wherever possible. Limitations of sheet metal include the cost of the material and labor costs required to form the flashing and to construct watertight joints.

Also, sheet metal is not flexible. Fishmouths often occur at top vertical edges of the metal if the substrate is not perfectly straight. Additionally, lengths of sheet metal are often limited to sections that can be placed on a truck Standard flashing detail wall penetration delivered to the project site; therefore, more joints are usually required.

Copper fabric flashing These are composite products where thin 3- 5- or 7-oz copper sheets are laminated within bituminous products, paper facers, or other proprietary fabrics. They provide many of the benefits of sheet metal as stated above. The bituminous versions can be directly adhered to a variety of substrates in compatible mastic. Joints in the material can easily be formed, lapped, and sealed in mastic. Copper fabric is also flexible enough to conform to irregular substrates.

The bituminous versions cannot be exposed to direct sunlight, so the material cannot extend past the face of the masonry and form a drip. Therefore, a Standard flashing detail wall penetration sheet metal drip is required. A disposable release liner is provided on the exposed portion of the rubberized asphalt Standard flashing detail wall penetration is removed just prior to adhering the membrane.

These membranes are flexible Black ssbbw naked massive mocha can Standard flashing detail wall penetration formed around many penetrations. Cutback mastics and asphalt-blended polyurethane liquid membranes are used to seal penetrations. Masonry and wood substrates must be primed and the material should be installed wrinkle-free. Membranes designed for use in wall systems should be specified.

Membranes designed for use as waterproofing materials can have asphalts with lower softening points, and the asphalt can flow off the backing film Standard flashing detail wall penetration the hot environment within an exterior wall. Flexible composite flashing These are combinations of various materials and are relatively new to the market. The compositions are similar to copper fabric flashing in that they exploit the advantages of each material.

Many composite flexible flashings are sold in rolls of various widths between 12 and 48 Standard flashing detail wall penetration. Roll lengths can be up to feet. The variety of dimensions allows the material to be unrolled along the length of shelf angles and other long flashings, avoiding laps and joints in the flashing materials. One such flexible composite flashing system is a combination of a proprietary ketone ethylene ester KEE polymer membrane with a pressure-sensitive adhesive.


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